Candleford Conservatories Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Candleford Conservatories Ltd - Assignment Example A rise in foreclosures will hurt businesses in that those who can be potential customers will not be in that they are now not concerned about doing business with companies to obtain the things they want, they now have to be careful with their spending, purchasing only what they need and not what they want. Sometimes, they may not even be able to purchase the things that they need. Almost everyone in some way shape or form will feel the effects of the damage that an eight percent unemployment rate to have on the national economy. If there are problems in the UK, as far as the economy is concerned, there will also be problems with UK international trade in that there will be less goods to export, being that the workforce who will contribute to producing such goods will have dropped due to lack of employment that has resulted from the fall in the economy. Not to mention, inflation will also affect the international trading in that other countries will have to pay more for goods, which in the long run will hurt profits. This will hurt the economy considerably in that the UK will not be able to make money from outside sources as easily as before. The significant unemployment rate will cause there to be a lack of demand for conservatories, which will cause the customer base for Candleford LTD to be significantly less. Unemployment means that there will be a number of foreclosures. The more foreclosures there are, the less that will have homes, and if people cannot hold onto their homes, then conservatories cannot be installed and purchased. When the demand for conservatories drops, this effects everyone at Candleford Conservatories LTD, as the lack of demand can effect whether or not some will continue to have jobs, since the profits that the company brings in supplies workers with their salaries. 12) Illustrating your answer with examples related to the case study; explain the difference between strategic and tactical business decisions. (6) The differences between strategic and tactical business decisions are that strategic business decisions would use the company's history to make future business decisions, carefully strategizing what moves will be made next, as it pertains to the success of the business, and tactical business decisions are methods that the company will be able to employ in order to be successful, such as what tactics that will utilize to target their client base and improve their operations. An example of a strategic business decision is when Paul analyzed the company's history before he made any decisions about the company's operation. For instance, he paid attention to what his father did. He took not of what worked and what did not and carefully considered all factors before taking a first step. A tactical business decision was made when Candleford had to figure out how they would function in a down turning economy where not only did the industries that they so heavily depended upon were drasticall y effected, they had to be creative in getting customers to purchase conservatories. 13) Giving reasons to support your opinion, explain: a) Which industries or sectors of the economy are likely to suffer less

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation - Essay Example Secondly, it proofing whether Scott was sick is another problem. Trying to investigate such may kill his moral at work and make him feel that the organization does not trust him. Thus investigating it may compromise his ability to deliver effectively. Again, the organization may incur great losses if he decides to file a compensation of whatever nature because he has a history of filing numerous compensations. Additionally, before being hired, he must have gone through an interview and the organization must have been satisfied that he will deliver and so firing him is another difficult option because there is no tangible evidence of gross misconduct. One cannot tell whether Scott is still the same or has changed for the better. Now with the new information concerning Scotts history I will constitute an independent investigating team to find out first whether the claims are true. Sometimes managers rely on rumors that are usually malicious and end up making outrageous decisions. When established that it is true; the independent team through their maneuvers will then investigate whether he has been sick and whether he has filed any compensation claim. From there, Scott himself will be given an opportunity to respond to the findings of the investigation and take an evidence-based

Assignment in Planning and Programming Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

In Planning and Programming - Assignment Example The paper defines a project plan as the guide towards the execution and control of a project. Project plan forms a fundamental base towards the success or failure of a given project. According to Kerzner a project plan defines the appropriate methods to be employed during the project. The defined methods ensure successful completion of projects. Project plan ensures optimisation of the resources towards achieving the objectives of the project. The plan, therefore, acts as a guideline in maintaining a balance between resource utilisation and project schedule compliance. The plan ensures proper utilisation of project resources and timely completion of projects. The project planning process in the construction industry forms a fundamental activity for the entire project. The planning process consists of numerous stages. The stages include. †¢ Choosing of correct technology and construction method to be employed in the project. †¢ Establishing the work tasks. †¢ Defining the existing relationships between various activities. †¢ Estimating the activity durations. †¢ Estimating the resource requirements for the work activities involved. Numerous factors within the construction sector affect the planning process. The factors affecting the project planning process lie within the financial and time functions of the project. The factors can, therefore, be defined as cost factors and schedule factors. The chart below shows the factors affecting the planning process. ... These uncertainties form what project managers consider project risks. Risk management becomes an essential part of projects execution in ensuring the success of a project. Ireland (2006) defines the element of risk assessment as the critical analysis of the expected constraints and uncertainties before embarking on a project. Comprehensive analysis of the risks becomes essential in minimising the probabilities of project failure. Ireland continues to discuss that failure to analyse these factors efficiently and critically, poses surmountable problem of project failure. The process of risk assessment involves, identifying the uncertainties, analysing them, and prioritising the risks as analysed. The last phase, of prioritising, ensures the arrangement of the risks in relation to the impacts they may posses on the project. This phase allows project managers to eliminate the substantial risks perfectly while managing the other risks throughout the project duration. Financial planning P roject management process includes financial planning as an element within the execution process. A financial plan defines and identifies the financial needs of the entire project. All expenses expected within the project execution, need to be indicated within the scope of financial plan. Kerzner (2009) defines financial planning as the element of drawing the budgetary needs for the different phases of a project. Financial planning provides a breakdown of all expenses to be incurred at different stages during the project execution duration. The importance of financial planning lies in ensuring controlled utilisation of financial resources available for projects. Financial

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation - Essay Example Secondly, it proofing whether Scott was sick is another problem. Trying to investigate such may kill his moral at work and make him feel that the organization does not trust him. Thus investigating it may compromise his ability to deliver effectively. Again, the organization may incur great losses if he decides to file a compensation of whatever nature because he has a history of filing numerous compensations. Additionally, before being hired, he must have gone through an interview and the organization must have been satisfied that he will deliver and so firing him is another difficult option because there is no tangible evidence of gross misconduct. One cannot tell whether Scott is still the same or has changed for the better. Now with the new information concerning Scotts history I will constitute an independent investigating team to find out first whether the claims are true. Sometimes managers rely on rumors that are usually malicious and end up making outrageous decisions. When established that it is true; the independent team through their maneuvers will then investigate whether he has been sick and whether he has filed any compensation claim. From there, Scott himself will be given an opportunity to respond to the findings of the investigation and take an evidence-based

Know “Joe” Essay Example for Free

Know â€Å"Joe† Essay During the 2008 General Presidential election, candidates John McCain and Barack Obama used media technology to create compelling stories that would hopefully shift public opinion in their favor, especially among undecided voters. With this essay, I will be analyzing one of the more controversial stories that had been flung to the forefront of the election with the release of John McCain’s I am Joe the Plumber advertisement (Kurtz). I will first show how the GOP campaign used the actual Joe Wurzelbacher, the Ohio plumber constantly mentioned by the Republican nominee as the average American middle-class citizen, in this advertisement as a popular symbol in order to try to convince voters that the McCain/Palin ticket identified with the concerns of the average middle-class voter. In contrast to the populist rhetoric of the ad, I argue that this strategy in the end failed due to a shallow and false claim that Senator Obama was in support of a socialist tax agenda that would raise taxes on middle-class incomes under $250,000 (Bumiller). The Joe the Plumber ad begins with an out of context clip of Mr. Obama saying â€Å"I think when you spread the wealth around its good for everybody. † This quote came from a campaign stop in Ohio and is the basis for the entire ‘Joe the Plumber’ phenomenon that changed the way the American public imagined an average citizen. Mr. Wurzelbacher asked Mr. Obama if he would raise taxes on people in his income bracket and this was the off-the-cuff response Mr. Obama gave. The moment was caught on camera and the McCain campaign and tried to paint Mr. Obama as a socialist in their never ending strategy of trying to make Mr. Obama appear like he is out of touch with the current state of politics. Immediately after the opening clip, the camera cuts to a succession of three close-up shots of middle-aged white women saying directly into the camera, â€Å"I am ‘Joe the Plumber’. † Next, a female narrator rhetorically asks, â€Å"Spread the wealth? † as the words themselves dissolve into the group of frowning people on screen. Next, a combined sentence of two men ensues asking, â€Å"I’m supposed to work harder just to pay more taxes? † Then, a skeptical man rhetorically asks, â€Å"Obama wants my sweat to pay for his trillion dollars in new spending? † followed by another woman stating, â€Å"I am Joe the Plumber. † At this point the narrator comes back and says, â€Å"Barack Obama: Higher taxes, more spending, not ready. † These words are bold and flash on-screen shown against a smirking picture of Obama. Of course, the commercial ends with a smiling picture of John McCain with his voiceover, â€Å"I am John McCain, and I approve this message. † It is interesting to note that this campaign had largely been fought through the media. According to a study by the Campaign Media Analysis Group, John McCain’s campaign spent close to $120 million on broadcasting television ads (Election). This figure is hard to believe and it forces the audience to think critically about how much importance the swaying of public opinion has played in this election. With this much campaign money being spent on image creation, it is obvious that every nuance to every advertisement is purposeful in its intention and message. With this in mind, I will describe how the ad changed the way I approached mediated politics. Initially, the ad made me identify with the claims presented, after all, who really wants to pay higher taxes in the middle of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression? The people making these statements in the commercial appear to be average enough: they aren’t shown wearing expensive clothing or fancy jewelry, they talk directly into the camera, and they avoid hyperbole and demonstrate a genuine concern about these issues. Unfortunately for the McCain campaign these claims fall by the wayside upon closer inspection and research. As it turns out, the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher â€Å"owed back taxes, did not have a plumbing license (he told the Associated Press he doesnt need one because he works for someone elses company), and may not have been registered to vote. † In addition, he has since admitted that under Obama’s proposed plan, he would receive a tax break because he only makes $40,000 a year; not the $250,000 he originally claimed as a small business owner (Chipman). The ‘trillion dollars in new spending’ that the ad claimed also turned out to be based on false information. The non-partisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget calculated that Obama promised a total of $990 billion in new spending over his first four-year term but his proposed spending cuts come to around $989 billion. This means that the net actually balances out (Dobbs). With all these false claims and the millions upon millions of dollars spent, I ultimately felt annoyed and cheated by this advertisement and the overall strategy employed by the Republican ticket. If the McCain campaign was going to continue to resort to attack ads based on false information then what would lead us, the average American public that they so repeatedly claim to identify with, to believe that they would tell the truth about important issues if they would have won the election? Another problem I have, not only with this particular ad, but with the Republican advertising campaign in general is the haste with which they adopt these media symbols without doing very much background checking on them prior to using then them for their own agenda. ‘Joe the Plumber’ is the key example here, but an even more troubling example may be McCain’s choice of Sarah Palin as a running mate. Both ‘Joe’ and Mrs. Palin greatly motivated and energized the Republican side in the short term, but as time progressed and the media and public had the chance to learn more about these campaign catalyst symbols, they eventually turned out to counter-balance the initial jolt they provided. For instance, the media picked up on the story that Governor Palin spent over $150,000 dollars on her campaign wardrobe at extravagant retailers like Saks 5th Avenue (Bumiller). This image directly contradicts the ‘average hockey mom’ mythical portrait that the GOP had fought so hard to perpetuate in order to capture middle-class citizens, especially females. Repeatedly, the Republican campaign of John McCain and Sarah Palin resorted to negative attack ads based on faulty, if not completely false, premises. The ‘Joe the Plumber’ ad continued this troubling trend. In fact, it may be the iconic example that eventually turned the tide against the Republican nominee, especially after considering that the media outted the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher as a fraud and liar willing to bend his story to fit an ideological narrative. Despite this advertisement’s shaded attack against Barack Obama, in my opinion it actually did more harm to the Republican ticket due to the lack of honesty and the propagandist appeals to an imaginary middle-class whose interests are being manipulated and distorted through the media in order to sway public opinion to gain voter support. Works Cited Bumiller, Elisabeth, Jeff Zeleny. â€Å"McCain and Obama Hurl Broadsides at Each Other Over Taxes and Jobs†. The New York Times. 25 Oct. 2008. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24campaign. html? ref=politics. Chipman, Kim, Hans Nichols. â€Å"Obama, McCain Pit Plumbers vs Hedge-Fund Managers in Tax Debate. † Bloomberg Press. 23 Oct. 2008. http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601087sid. Dobbs, Michael. â€Å"Obama’s ‘Trillion Dollar’ Spending Plan†. The Washington Post. 1 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/fact-checker/2008/10/obamas. â€Å"Election 2008. † The New York Times. 2 Nov. 2008. http://elections. nytimes. com/2008/president/advertising/index. html Kurtz, Howard. â€Å"McCain Ad: We Are All ‘Joe the Plumber’†. The Washington Post. 22 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/the-trail/2008/10/22/mccain.

History of Accounting Standards in the UK

History of Accounting Standards in the UK Accounting norms and standards, applicable for companies in the UK, emanate from the Companies Act, 1985, amended later by the Companies Act, 1989, and by subsequent statutory instruments. While the Companies Act lays down minimum reporting requirements, such as filing of accounts with the Registrar of Companies, other agencies like the Accounting Standards Board, (ASB) and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, (ICAEW) are responsible for laying down accounting standards, and for the development and regulation of the accounting profession. The ICAEW, the English and Welsh accountancy body for accountants and auditors plays a major role in controlling the accountancy profession, and the conduct of its members. Accounting standards, known as Financial Reporting Standards, (FRSs) are issued by the ASB and form the guidelines for preparation of accounting statements. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, known as UK GAAP, governed the preparation of accounts, in the UK, until 2005. Most countries, in the past, had their own national GAAPs, each being quite different from the other. The international initiative for harmonisation of accounting practice has led to the adoption of International Financial reporting Standards, (IFRSs) by all listed companies in Europe. Listed companies in the UK have to prepare accounting and financial statements, in line with IFRS requirements, from 2005. Unlisted companies can continue to prepare their accounting statements under UK GAAP, and can switch to IFRS standards with more comfort. Accounting methods, in the UK, have traditionally depended upon accepted accounting principles, rather than a body of rules. Accounting statements aim to â€Å"portray the nature of accounting entities operating in a free economy characterised by private ownership of property†, (Principles based or rule based accounting standards, 2006) and depend upon concepts like those of ownership, entity and funds. The objectives and concepts of accounting resulted in the establishment of widely accepted accounting principles, namely (a) cost principle, (b) revenue principle, (c) matching principle, (d) objectivity principle (e) consistency principle, (f) full disclosure principle, (g) conservatism principle, (h) materiality principle (i) uniformity principle and (j) comparability principle. (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004) With time, these principles led to the development of techniques, and rules, to facilitate functioning, and ensure uniformity of treatment, on a large scale, by professionals an d companies. In the US, where accounting developed parallely to the UK, accounting standards were also based upon established principles. However, over time, the demands of the business environment in the US led to the creation of voluminous rules that dictated the preparation of accounting statements. The major reasons for this were easier enforceability, better comparability and consistency, usefulness in situations that were complex and needed sophisticated interpretation, control of earnings management and creative accounting, and resolution of inconsistencies in existing standards. While there is some truth in these assertions, (with rules undoubtedly developing because of the demands and challenges faced by the accounting and business fraternity), this enormous body of rules grew into a multi headed hydra that worked against the basic reasons that had necessitated their creation. The increasing complexity and sheer volume of successive rules led to their adherence becoming more important th an the underlying principles. This, in turn, led to a number of undesirable results including the development of a box ticking approach, the usage of the wording of rules, by unscrupulous manipulators, for window dressing and creative accounting, overloads and delays in preparation of accounting statements, delays in framing of new rules in response to changes in the marketplace, and the propensity for professionals to take refuge in rules rather than in representing difficult and uncomfortable realities. A significant body of opinion relates the numerous frauds that emerged in the US in the late nineties, and the early years of this century, notably the Enron and WorldCom episodes, to the rules based accounting system of the United States. Many experts feel that the accounting system of the UK, based upon adherence to accounting principles rather than rules, has helped in protecting the British economy from such disasters. Principle based accounting standards arise out of a conceptual and theoretical framework of transparency and simplicity with a hierarchical and overriding position of principles in the determination of accounting decisions. Principle based accounting requires three elements (a) overarching concepts, (b) principles that reflect these overarching concepts and (c) limited guidance. Guidances are necessarily limited, in principle based accounting, and apart from a small number of interpretations on major issues, are built in, by way of small explanations, in the standards themselves. Usage of this approach naturally requires much greater involvement and responsibility on the part of the directors of companies, as well as from professional accountants and auditors, and enjoins them to ensure the presentat ion of accounts in strict accordance with principles. The adoption of IFRS, since 2005, has led to the usage of new Financial Reporting Standards in the preparation of accounts in the UK. While some changes have been necessary, especially in the treatment of goodwill and other intangibles, the number of commonalities between UK GAAP and IFRS, (primarily because the IFRS also follows a principle-based approach) have helped in making the change smooth and trouble free. IFRS 1 illustrates the commonality shared by UK GAAP and IFRS on principles. The key principle behind IFRS 1 is full retrospective application of all IFRS, in force at the closing balance sheet date, for the first IFRS financial statements. It provides guidance in the use of hindsight and the application of several versions of the same standards. While it works on principles, with companies given significant flexibility in their reporting, it expects companies to maintain transparency and achieve comparability. The principle-based approach is also the base for the code of ethics governing accounting professionals, and the code of corporate governance in the UK. Over the past fifteen years, the UK government has initiated a number of studies into improving corporate governance by eminent and experienced individuals. The Greenbury Report (1995), the Hampel Report (1998), and the Turnbull Report (1999) followed the Cadbury Report of 1992. The Cadbury report stands out, not just because it was the first of various studies that helped in the development of corporate governance in the UK but also because it was clear in adopting a principle based approach that originated a self regulatory approach â€Å"whereby reporting of compliance (became) part of the listing requirements for public companies.† (Jones and Pollit, 2003) The emphasis on the board as a focal decision point could be said to be led by Cadbury, as could be the emphasis on appropriately constituted board sub-committees (remuneration, audit and nomination), independent non-executive directors and the separation of chairperson and chief executive positions. Many of the recommendations of the Cadbury Code have been incorporated into the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD, 1999) and into other national Corporate Governance Codes (Cadbury, 2000). (Jones and Pollit, 2003) These various studies, as well as a long running Company Law Review, carried out at the instance of the UK government, led first to the formulation of the Combined Code of Corporate Governance, 2003, and then to its replacement, with the Combined Code of Corporate Governance, 2006, applicable for reporting years beginning on or after November1, 2006. The combined code stresses the primacy of principles, and self-regulation, by company boards. The code contains principles, and supporting provisions, with listing requirements making corporate governance disclosure statements, prepared in two parts, mandatory. While the first part requires companies to report on the application of the principles contained in the code, the second part requires them to confirm compliance with the code’s provisions, with appropriate explanations if they do not. The â€Å"comply or explain† approach helps both companies and investors, and allows shareholders to make their own judgements. Some of the main principles embodied in the combined code require (a) every company to be headed by an effective board, collectively responsible for the success of the company (b) clear division of responsibilities at the head of the company, between the running of the board, and the executive responsible for running the company’s business, (with no individual having unfettered powers of decision), (c) a balance between executive and non-executive (in particular (independent non-executive) directors, (d) formal, rigorous and transparent procedures for appointment of new directors, (e) the provision of information to the board, in a timely manner, and of quality appropriate for it to make proper decisions, (f) the need for the board to evaluate its own performance, as well as that of its directors (g) the regular re-election of directors and planed and progressive refreshment of the board,(h) a remuneration policy, (sufficient but not excessive), and structured to link remuneration with performance, for the executive directors, (i) transparency in fixation of remuneration, with directors not to be involved in fixing their own remuneration, (j) the presentation of a balanced and understandable assessment of the company’s position and (k) a sound system of internal control for safeguarding investor wealth and company assets. While the combined code contains a number of other principles, the ones illustrated above emphasise that company boards are enjoined to act responsibly, and with common sense, be transparent in their actions, and adopt a principled and virtuous path in corporate action. The principle-based approach ensures freedom and flexibility in operations while necessitating the highest codes of corporate conduct. (The combined code on corporate governance, 2006) The code of ethics adopted by the ICAEW, effective September 1, 2006, requires adherence to five key principles, namely, integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behaviour. The code, which has three parts, establishes the five fundamental principles that govern professional ethics and provides a conceptual framework for applying these principles. â€Å"It provides examples of safeguards that may be appropriate to address threats to compliance with the fundamental principles and also provides examples of situations where safeguards are not available to address the threats and consequently the activity or relationship creating the threats should be avoided.† (Code of Ethics, 2006) The code elaborates that threats could arise from self-interest, self-review, advocacy, familiarity and intimidation. It is exhaustive in the treatment of fundamental ethical principles, the threats that may arise and compromise these principles and the approach best suited by professional accountants in facing and overcoming these threats. The guidance provided is more than adequate for trained and committed accountants to conduct themselves in the best traditions of ethicality even without having to follow voluminous and complex rules. Shaken by the Enron and WorldCom affairs the American establishment pushed through the Sarbanes Oxley Act (Sox) in 2002, aiming to increase transparency, and rid the US corporate world of potential conflict-of-interest issues between a broad spread of parties, including clients and auditors. Sox has some distinctive features, namely rigorous new reporting requirements for all listed companies, sharply enhanced responsibilities for senior management in the presentation of accounts, (including the spectre of long jail terms for offences like fudging figures and misreporting), and restrictions on auditors dealing with clients for long periods. â€Å"Sox is the most important piece of accounting and corporate governance to have come out of the US since the Great Depression.† (Holliday, 2003) Apart from laying down much greater responsibilities for members of top management, it has also opened a great debate in the USA on effecting a changeover from rule based accounting to princip le based accounting. It does this first in section 108(d), which requires the SEC to study the accounting system to ascertain the extent to which it is principles-based, as opposed to rules-based, and to tell us how long it will take for us to achieve a principles-based system; and second, in section 108(a), which requires the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and any other approved standards-setting body to adopt procedures ensuring prompt consideration of new rules reflecting international convergence on high quality accounting standards. (Bratton, Abstract, 2003) While significant change on this front is yet to happen, US GAAP and IFRS practices are converging with each other. The IASB and the FASB are working together, since 2002, to reduce and eliminate differences between IFRS and US GAAP. IFRS 3, for example, provides a good example of how IFRS has moved substantially towards US GAAP. The phasing out of the â€Å"pooling of interests† method, under IFRS made it mandatory, from March 31, 2004, for companies in the EU to identify the acquiring entity, adopt the purchase method of accounting, and replace amortisation of goodwill with the impairment method. While the calculation of impairment of goodwill differs under US GAAP, the principles, in both cases, remain the same. IFRS 5, one of the more important standards deals with non current assets held for sale and presentation of discontinued operations. Non current assets need classification as â€Å"held for sale† subject to certain conditions being met, and income statements need to disclose a single amount on the face of the income statement that includes details of profits, capital gains and cash flows from discontinued operations. While the move to reclassify non-current assets appears to be unquestionable, the stripping out of all commercial effects of discontinued operations is sensible and based upon the business entity principle. It will provide a much clearer vision of current economic performance. (Kirk, 2006) As the countries of Europe, along with New Zealand and some other states, move towards adoption of IFRS, the global movement towards implementation of principle based accounting is becoming stronger. Adoption of common standards becomes feasible only if they work upon principles and not rules. It becomes well nigh impossible to find commonality between two sets of voluminous rules that arise out of location and situation specific circumstances. Principles, on the other hand, represent globally common moral and ethical values, and provide opportunities for common grounds for discussion and decision. This is also the main reason why accountants in the UK have found it comparatively easy to adopt IFRS practices. Bibliography Approach, Scope and Authority, 2006, Code of Ethics, ICAEW, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from www.icaew.com/index.cfm?route=143703 Bullen, H, and Cafini, R, 2006, Accounting Standards Regarding Intellectual Assets, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/ia10.pdf Bratton, W, 2003, Enron, Sarbanes-Oxley and Accounting: Rules Versus Principles Versus Rents, Abstract, Villa Nova Law Review, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=473242 FASB: Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2006, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.fasb.org Code of ethic, 2006, ICAEW, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from www.icaew.com/index.cfm?route=143703 IFRS and US GAAP, 2005, IAS Plus Deloitte, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from deloitte.net/dtt/cda/doc/content/dtt_audit_iasplusgl_073106.pdf Higson, C and Sproul, M, 2005, Coping with IFRS, London Business School, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.london.edu/assets/documents/PDF/Chris_Higson_paper_IFRS.pdf Holliday, I, 2003, Why these folks mean business, Financial World, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from www.tavakolistructuredfinance.com/FWOct03.pdf Intangible assets: brand valuation, 2004, IFRS News Brand Valuation, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.pwc.com/gx/eng/about/svcs/corporatereporting/IFRSNewsCatalogue.pdf Jones, I, and Pollit, M, 2003, Understanding how issues in corporate governance develop, University of Cambridge, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/pdf/wp277.pdf Kirk, R, 2006, IFRS 5, Non current assets held for sale and presentation of discontinued operations, Financial reporting, Retrieved April 23, 2007 from http://www.cpaireland.ie/UserFiles/File/AccPlus%20IFRS5.pdf. Lycklama, M.P., 2005, Goodwill and value creation of acquisitions, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.bedrijfswetenschappen.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/PDF/goodwill_and_value_creation_of_acquisitions.pdf Nobes, C. and Parker, R., 2004, Comparative International Accounting (9th edition), Prentice Hall Radebaugh, L.H., Gray, S.J., Black, E.L., 2006, International Accounting and Multinational Enterprises, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons, inc., USA Roberts, C, Weetman, P, and Gordon, P, 2005, International Financial Reporting: A Comparative Approach, 3rd edition, FT Prentice Hall, USA Similarities and Differences, 2005, A comparison of IFRS, US GAAP and Belgian GAAP, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.pwc.com/extweb/pwcpublications.nsf/docid/74d6c09e0a4ee610802569a1003354c8

Evironmental Law: Enforcement Measures And Effectiveness Essay

Evironmental Law: Enforcement Measures and Effectiveness Pollution, why is it still running rampant in our environment today ? Are there no laws to control or stop it ? In regards to these questions, Canada has a great many laws to stop and regulate pollution. But despite this, why is it still happening. What are Canada's so called enforcement measures and are they effective ? We have the Environmental Bill of Rights and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, just to name a few. Sure some polluters break these laws and get caught, but all they get is a slap on the wrist; why is that ? Some even have the gual to pollute again. Acid rain and hazardous wastes are just two of the many problems plaguing our environment today, but nothing is really being done about them; why ? Finally what is the polluters point of view in all of this ? To begin with, in some areas there are both federal and provincial legislation to ensure that companies and individuals respect the environment. Federally the central piece of legislation in Canada is the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). "CEPA is the consolidation of five statutes: The Environmental Contaminants Act, the Air Quality Act, the Canada Water Act, the Ocean Dumping Act, and the Department of the Environment Act." ( Muldon, 1995, p. 23) The CEPA contains important penalties and sanctions; provisions for the collection of information and for evaluation; provisions for the control of importation and exportation of toxic substances; and provisions for the reduction of wastes, the cleanup of coastal zones, the protection of the ozone layer; the reduction of acid rain and urban smog; and provisions for the development of regulations. All provinces and territories have enacted their own legislation, establishing general environmental rights and responsibilities; but the level of environmental protection established is not equal all across Canada. Generally, it can be said that each province and territory regulates the discharge of contaminants into the environment by requiring licenses and permits and by invoking penalties. The regulated matters include environmental impact assessment, waste management, drinkable water standards, and land conservation. (Morrison, 1991, p24) Also, provinces and territories deal with several other matters i... ...5, November 17). Spend more to protect environment residents say. Toronto Star, p. A3. Monchuk, J. (1994, November 4). Pollution control must be voluntary, Alberta says. The Montreal Gazette, p. B8. Morrison, H. (1991) Federal Pollution Legislation. Canada: Minister of Supply and Service. Muldon, P. (1995). The Environmental Bill of Rights: A practical guide. Toronto: Edond Montgomery Publications Limited. Parker, P. (1992, March/April). Crime and Punishment. The Environmental Journal, pp.35-39. Poch, H. (1989). Corporate and Municipal Environmental Law. Toronto: Carswell. Rovet, E. (1988). The Canadian Business Guide to Environmental Law. Vancouver:Intself Counsel Press Ltd. Small, P. (1993, June 18). NDP reports jump in polluter's fines. Toronto Star, p. A10. Sterling, H. (1995, September 22). Backward steps for different reasons, on both sides of the border, the fight against pollution is under attack. The Montreal Gazette, p. B3. (